coffin nails

From http://www.actcancer.org/

Tobacco smoke is the leading cause of death and the single most preventable cause of death and ill health in Australia (1) . It is estimated that smoking kills around 15,000 Australians each year (2) .

It is well established, that among other diseases and conditions, smoking is a major risk factor for a range of cancers, including lung cancer which is the most common form of cancer death in Australia (1).  Currently, 89% of lung cancers in Australian men and 70% in Australian women can be attributed to smoking (3) .

Trends in smoking prevalence in Australia compare favourably to many other OECD (4)  countries, with the current daily smoking rate having decreased from 19.2% in 1998–99 to 15.1% in 2009–10 (1).

Compared to the national average, the ACT has slightly lower rates of smoking with 11% of ACT residents aged 14 years and over being daily smokers (1).

Despite the ACT having a slightly lower rate of smoking than most other Australian States and Territories, the Cancer Council ACT is committed to further reducing the impact of smoking in the ACT community, as well as reducing smoking uptake, particularly amongst young people.

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  1- AIHW 2011. 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey report. Drug statistics series no. 25. Cat. no. PHE 145. Canberra: AIHW. Viewed 22 November 2011
http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=32212254712

  2- ABS (2009). 2007–08 National health survey: summary of results, Australia. ABS cat. no. 4364.0. Reissue. Canberra: ABS.
  3- AIHW & AACR (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare & Australasian Association of Cancer Registries) 2004,Cancer in Australia, 2001, AIHW Cat. No. CAN 23, AIHW, Canberra; C
Chao, Thun, Jacobs, Henley, Rodriguez C, Calle. (2000). Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer mortality in the cancer prevention study II. Journal National Cancer Institute, 92(23), pp 1888-96.
  4- OECD: Organisation for economic cooperation and development. An organisation of 30 developed countries, including Australia.

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Health Issues

Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. It also causes heart disease, stroke, lung diseases (including emphysema), blindness, stomach ulcers and many other conditions. It has been estimated that one in nine new cancers and one in five cancer deaths occur in Australia each year as a result of smoking (5) .

The 2004 report of the US Surgeon General, The Health Consequences of Smoking, published the following four major conclusions:

1.    Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causing many diseases and reducing the health of smokers in general.

2.    Quitting smoking has immediate as well as long-term benefits, reducing risks for diseases caused by smoking and improving health in general.

3.    Smoking cigarettes with lower machine-measured yields of tar and nicotine provides no clear benefit to health.

4.    The list of diseases caused by smoking has been expanded to include abdominal aortic aneurysm, acute myeloid leukemia, cataract, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, pneumonia, periodontitis and stomach cancer (6).

The Cancer Council ACT’s position is that there is no safe level of smoking and/or risk- free exposure to second hand smoke. Furthermore, Cancer Council ACT identifies quitting smoking as the single most important measure a person can take to protect their health and reduce their risk of cancer – particularly lung cancer.

Passive smoke:

There is also strong evidence that passive smoking or exposure to second-hand smoke can cause death and disease in otherwise healthy non-smoking children and adults.

Passive smoke causes:

In adults:

• heart disease

• lung cancer

• irritation of the eyes and nose.

In children:

• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS or cot death)

• lower birth-weight babies (where the mother was exposed to second-hand smoke)

• bronchitis, pneumonia and other lung/airways infections

• asthma exacerbation

• middle ear disease (otitis media or ‘glue ear’)

• respiratory symptoms (e.g. coughing, wheezing).

Cancer Council Australia recommends (7) :

• people avoid tobacco smoke, to eliminate the risk of health problems caused by passive smoking;

• children are protected from second-hand smoke, including in the home and car. The hazard in the

home and car requires greater public education so that everyone recognises the risk to which their

families and others are exposed; and

• all indoor workplaces, public places and popular outdoor venues such as al fresco dining areas, leisure

and cultural settings be completely smoke-free.

Further information on health issues related to smoking can be found at:

www.quitnow.gov.au

www.cancer.org.au

www.oxygen.org.au

www.quit.org.au

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[5] Cancer Council Australia. Smoking. Available from
http://www.cancer.org.au/cancersmartlifestyle/smokingandtobacco/Smoking.htm

[6] US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking. A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General; 2004. Available from
http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/smokingconsequences/

[7] Cancer council Australia. Health risks of passive smoke. Available from:
http://www.cancer.org.au/File/PolicyPublications/Position_statements/PSPassive_smoking_%20September_2008.pdf